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Lehman: 'It started in America' - but traumatised Britain's elite

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Paul Mason | 07:54 UK time, Monday, 14 September 2009

"What caused it was not something that happened in Britain... I think everybody understands, even the Americans now say, this is a global problem that started in America..."

That's how Prime Minister Gordon Brown explained the origin of the banking meltdown that began this time last year. It certainly did start in America: the subprime mortgage fiasco; the mis-pricing of risk; misregulation and then the policy decisions that led to the collapse of Lehman Brothers; all these originated in the US - so why was it Britain's banking system that came closest to collapse?

The government was forced to take massive public stakes in HBOS, RBS and Bradford & Bingley. Then, a manufacturing sector that had been booming saw output fall, as the business cliche for once accurately describes, "off a cliff". I spoke to one Midlands metal component maker whose turnover halved in November. Suddenly a workforce used to near full employment faced short time, wage cuts, a wave of closures. Unemployment is heading for three million.

Britain's problem was this: it has the most globalised finance system in the world and some of the lightest regulation. The banks that collapsed here were not investment banks - they were high street banks that had been sucked into the world of risk.
With no discouragement from the politicians

The impulse of the policy elite was to sort things out the old way. Mervyn King, who had resisted any talk of recession within the MPC, finally agreed to cut interest rates. Fred Goodwin walked away with a giant pension. Mr Brown talked Lloyds into saving HBOS. Instead HBOS sank Lloyds. Interest rates neared zero. The Goodwin pension deal outraged millions of people.

How did Britain change as a result? There are several layers to the answer - some quite visceral. Roger Bootle, MD of the consultancy Capital Economics tells me:

"I think the month after collapse of Lehman was an absolutely seminal period - it will affect politics for decades. Like 1992 - it was an absolutely shattering experience physically and mentally - I am quite sure the policy establishment will never be same again."

That policy establishment - the regulators, ministers, top civil servants and let's be frank journalists who surround them - saw their worldview blown away in the weeks between Lehman and the British bailout.

Only by tearing up textbooks did they find solutions. In March:

The taxpayer guaranteed £680bn of bad bank debt
The bank of England started printing money; £175bn to date with more to come.

The state had saved the market. But something fundamental had been lost. We used to call it "prudence".

I stood and watched the physically shaken lords of capital come and go in Downing Street on the week of the bailout. At the time it seemed like the end of an era. But the real game changer was the day Chancellor Alistair Darling had to stand up and admit Britain's public finances were shot for a decade.

Bootle says: "The effects of fiscal hole going to be devastating - before politics was all about using the proceeds of growth. That's out of the window now. The issue is about how fast and the balance between tax rises and spending cuts. The politicians will be incredibly constrained."

It's been recognised as the death knell of neo-liberalism, but the meltdown also signalled the end of the deal at the heart of so called Third Way politics. The deal was: the state would grow in size; the finance sector would be left alone to make money - and pay the tax bill. Now, the Treasury believes the economy has permanently lost 5% of its capacity. The fiscal crisis is structural. It will last a decade.

The public finances have skidded out of control and over the summer it got worse.
Britain is now on track for a £175bn budget deficit this year. By 2017 the government will be making £90bn a year in cuts or tax rises, just to pay for the impact of last year's banking crisis. And this huge deficit holds big risks: Britain's triple A credit rating looks shaky. And recovery is not assured.

Economist Graham Turner, who predicted the credit crunch tells me:

"The big fear is that what we've done is we ramp up the budget deficit to extreme levels to not seen in the 1930s - so we haven't done the Keynesian thing: if you just allow budget deficit run to extreme levels, and you don't address the underlying problem of private debt, you get what happened in Japan - public sector debt soared and they never got a recovery."

But the bank crisis and the fiscal crisis are only half the story. Because, on the ground, after 60 quarters of growth, there are parts of Britain that look poor, are poor - and given a squeeze on benefits and rising unemployment - the prospects for such places are bleaker still

By the end of our longest post-war economic upturn one out of six households in Britain are without work; £390bn pounds had been spent on welfare benefits; and the prison population was 23,000 higher at the end than the beginning. Britain had become hugely unequal - and all this in the good times.

Britain now faces a strategic question: where will growth come from, how big should the finance sector be? The new bank regulator said much of what the City does may be socially useless; and its size may be preventing Britain's economy from finding a role in the 21st Century economy. When the regulator of the City asks questions like this you get a sense of what a massive shock - financially, politically and ideologically Britain suffered a year ago.

For the best part of two decades, in the Anglo-Saxon countries, growth has been driven by credit. In the US this has been almost a pure trade-off with wages: American median male hourly wages were lower in 2007, in real terms, than they were in 1972; the amount of debt in the economy 2.5 times higher.

In the UK there has been a third factor, standing between this wage stagnation and credit growth: wages at the bottom have been stabilised around the minimum wage; but large numbers of people are in the benefit and tax credit system. The state has been the guarantor of incomes for the poorest families, and employs around 40% of the workforce. Graham Turner explains the dilemma:

"We've been squeezing wages and allowing credit to be the main driver of economic growth: take away credit and where are we going to get a sustainable recovery? I can't see where its coming from at the moment."

In the boom Britain's financial centre at Canary Wharf became the physical symbol of our future: post-industrial, global, cool Britannia. But Britannia waived the rules - and now that whole future is the subject of intense uncertainty.

* Tonight on Newsnight, Robert Peston explores the Lehman collapse and speaks to key decision makers in that crisis. Tomorrow, in a special edition to mark the anniversary of Lehman we'll be throwing the story forward - how will the world change, and what's happened to the critics of freemarket capitalism? Ö÷²¥´óÐã TWO 2230.

Comments

  • Comment number 1.

    This comment was removed because the moderators found it broke the house rules. Explain.

  • Comment number 2.

    This comment was removed because the moderators found it broke the house rules. Explain.

  • Comment number 3.

    And you fail to mention how almost all jobs that do come up go to overseas workers, and the structures at the EU and EU commitments at the international level that are ensuring that, with the effects of:

    - driving wages and working conditions down further and further
    - repatriating earnings rather than supporting this economy in an earn/spend cycle

    Why do you do this? - Just to be 'nice'?
    No room for 'nice' if you are claiming genuine analysis

  • Comment number 4.

    "We've been squeezing wages and allowing credit to be the main driver of economic growth: take away credit and where are we going to get a sustainable recovery? I can't see where its coming from at the moment."

    If you squeeze from both ends then something is going to go pop.
    As those at the bottom can no longer rely on credit and asset value increases to put bread on the table there is going to be a sharp increase in requests for pay rises.
    Don't forget that almost all the food is sold by one of only four major retailers in the UK. It won't be long before the employees of these businesses realise their new found industrial might.

    (moderators, the first two posts are obviously blatant adverts, how did these pass moderation ?)

  • Comment number 5.

    I think you have written the longest economic question ever, Paul.

    The crisis is upon us and there is no solution. This is the one I have dreaded all my life and now aged 61 all that I can hope for is that we will muddle through, somehow.

    We will not be able to structure any forward progress until we understand the hubris that made this possible: the arrogance of an elite that had got it badly wrong. It is the continued prevalence of that elite in our decision making that is preventing any prospect of recovery. All they want is to defend their vested interests. For as long as those attitudes prevail then there will be no hope.

    There has to be radical change at the top and if this does not come naturally then it will have to be forced. Either there is evolution of there will be revolution. The latter is the last resort but we could just run out of time.

    This is not just the end of neo-liberalism it is also the death of the British model of social-democracy. For that reason we are going to have to look at European political models and restructure our economy and society accordingly. This could be our `Stunde-Zero'. If you don't know what that means then ask a German. It might be the first thing most Britons have learned from a German but it is a good moral tale as to how a broken people pulled themselves up by the boot-straps.

  • Comment number 6.

    'In the UK there's been a third factor, standing between this wage stagnation and credit growth: wages at the bottom have been stabilised around the minimum wage; but large numbers of people are in the benefit and tax credit system.'

    It is ridiculus that a two parent family with 2 schoolage children where one adult works full-time and one part-time and both are on minimum wage Pay Income Tax and also recieve Tax Credits.

    To me, the minimum wage should be raised so that a family in the above situation earn enough so that no taxpayer support is required

    Taxpayers have been supporting the shareholders of private companies for years and that is wrong (lower wage bill due to taxpayer support = greater profits to be distributed to shareholders)

  • Comment number 7.

    PERHAPS IT IS THE DEFINITION OF 'ELITE' THAT IS THE PROBLEM?

    On the 'Today' program, Joseph Stiglitz kindly backed me up in my repeated assertion that a nation should be judged by the happiness (I use CONTENTMENT) of its people - GDP IS NOT CONTENTMENT.

    While we continue to promote - tacitly and overtly - the notion that money/power, power/money, is VALUE and SUCCESS not only in endeavour, but in life itself, the contentment of this nation (and all others to whom we export our creed, with guile and bomb) will DECLINE.

    As if to point up the fallacy, 'Today' gave us the spectacle of 'Cocky' Pete and 'Baccy Baron' Ken - ELITE champions of Labour and Tory governance, playing word games. No more need be said.

  • Comment number 8.

    An excellent summary of what has gone wrong and its social, political and economic significance. I shall copy and keep this. One small point of naivety is "high street banks that had been sucked into the world of risk." They weren't sucked - they ran with open arms onto the longest gravy train in history where short term rewards ensured many would not have to work again.

    Furthermore it is obvious that New Labour taste for Thatchernomics means they are busted and finished but the Cameron alternative is far from attractive. If Labour want to stand a chance in a coallition with Lib Dems they need to ditch laissez faire economics and Brown asap.

  • Comment number 9.

    Writing in 1972, Henry Wallich, a former governor of the Federal Reserve and professor of economics at Yale, noted:

    "Growth is a substitute for equality of income. So long as there is growth there is hope, and that makes large income differentials tolerable."

    This quote appears in Wilkinson and Pickett's recent highly important book 'The Spirit Level: Why more equal societies almost always do better', a book that is said to have been gathering lots of sand on the politico beaches this summer - at least, let's hope it was

  • Comment number 10.

    ‘It started in America….’, worth repeating, sounds more lame with every hearing.

    So, do bank profits have to be super-taxed to pay for this debt?
    I suspect they have to.

    I don't think the public will stand for higher personal taxation and lower pensions to pay for something that was not essentially their fault.
    They may be prepared to pay for their credit cards and high mortgages, but I reckon -in the new broadband world- that respect for the legislature and the treasury is going to mysteriously erode very quickly, and some refusal to pay the bill is heading our way.

    Most people don't realise that, in particular, the younger generation don't really have respect for anything or anyone; and will reject the idea that they have to be poor for the next twenty years to pay for banking largesse.

    Of course I could be wrong, they may be as supine as the rest of us.

    Regards,

  • Comment number 11.

    THINGS WE (SHOULD) KNOW WE KNOW (Brown the Yankophile)

    I have not checked the detail, but seem to remember Brown used to spend his holidays in America? Might I hazard a guess that, for relaxation, he read all their financial papers and talked to money-mad nerds? OK - even though the money-web is international, and London is a Big Player, let's pretend America could be doing stuff that the money world knew nothing of. BUT IF BROWN HAD HALF AN OUNCE OF MONEY-NOUS HE WOULD HAVE PICKED UP ON EARLY CLUES. So I suggest our problems started with Brown's over-blown view of his own ability and LACK OF SENSITIVITY TO THE WORLD AROUND HIM. It is tar and feather time.

  • Comment number 12.

    Where will the jobs come from?
    We have less than 10 years to decarbonise our economy, so there is plenty of work to do. There's probably a million jobs in a Green New Deal of energy conservation (insulating the housing stock and so on), and building the renewable energy grid. Could be the basis for an export industry as well.
    We just need the determination to do what it takes, as exhibited by the leadership to save the sorry skins of the banksters, to save the country and planet from 21st century environmental catastrophe.
    The environment does seem to be your blindspot, Paul, as it is for many many economists.

  • Comment number 13.

    Traumatised Elite Paul?

    maybe just mildly shaken,

    The current solution of turning on the BE printing press will only penalise the ordinary joe. In the long run this will result in inflation(it always does), and this time it could well be imported in form of higher energy and food costs. At the same time the real value of savings, pensions and assets will be erroded.

    Add to this the necessary increase in taxes, and the reductions in public spending and benefits, and the costs of supporting say 3 million unemployed and an ageing population.

    The prognosis for most is not an early retirement on an fat pension such as enjoyed by banking and political elites, but a reduced standard of living.

    When asked 'what is art' Damien Hurst replied 'what you can get away with' It seems to me this is also true for our financial and political elite.

    How do we acieve a more 'honest' economy ?

  • Comment number 14.

    It's the end of capatalism as we know it....now where have I heard that before

  • Comment number 15.

    We need to start thinking differently. For instance, what's so marvellous about "work"? For most people it's a necessity to put food on the table and to pay the bills. For a lucky few it's something they really enjoy; for most you just get used to the daily grind and for some it's just plain awful. Private business has started to address the problem of the downturn in creative ways so as to avoid redundancies and they have found ways to share out the work so everyone works a little less and gets paid a litle less. I seem to remember years ago people wondered what we'd all do with the extra leisure time we'd be getting as new technology made our lives easier. The truth is most of us have a new addiction ie to work so instead of working less we worked longer and harder. Like most things in this dysfunctional society we have become, this is just not sustainable and we've all suffered as a result.

    If people start to reassess their lives so much the better. We don't need all the "stuff" we are addicted to in the developed world. The country of Bhutan don't use GDP as the measure of their success but instead measure their happiness.

    We need to do the same; slow down, work less, buy less "stuff" and enjoy our lives more. That doesn't mean going on a binge drinking session down the pub either!

  • Comment number 16.

    Proofread! (Ten errors and counting.)
    And please, don't do this: "Economist Graham Turner".
    When are you going to stop hedging and start writing again? You know, words, strung-together - not numbers and non-sequiturs.

  • Comment number 17.

    Great article Paul, more of the same please, may I suggest you do a TV docu-drama of the whole episode in the style of CÖ÷²¥´óÐã's 'Horrible histories'' (think Monty Python meets the history channel)which should bring the message home and be a lot of fun!

    For those unlucky enough not to have seen horrible histories yet it is on Childrens Ö÷²¥´óÐã and is the best prog on telly at the moment as far as I am concerned. The horrible histories team would do agreat job of interpretating this crisis (and others).

    I would like to think the posters here have helped you to form the consensus view as expressed in your posting today, it certainly seems to include an awful lot of what has been talked about on here during the course of this chapter.

    Thanks for this article Paul and keep up the good work on behalf of the silenced majority (yes thats silencED not silent).



  • Comment number 18.

    Eh, Paul, dont be too hard on journalists! Take a look at the LSE's Financial Markets Group. Professors Goodhart and Shin lead the way in financial regulation and stability. The Bank of England, the City and ECRSC sponsor these boffins. There was a lot of talk and hot air lavished around. Take a look at the July 2006 FMG Review when eminent speakers such as Andrew Haldane of the Bank of England debated the evils / benefits of Greenspanian / Flat Earthers who reckoned systemic risk was falling cos of clever-by-arf market integration and instruments.On the other hand, was risk taking being encouraged and markets made opaque. Um, well, Andy reckoned that shocks could be less frequent but bigger so " the role of the public agencies is key to preventing and softening the scale of the crisis". We all slept in our beds that night.................

  • Comment number 19.

    Where is the evidence that 'it' started in America?

    My understanding is that 'it' started with the likes of Fred Goodwin and Gordon Brown relaxing central bank responsibility over-seeing of the banking system and politicians hiding behind the bureaucracy of regulation and regulators - and cozying up to the bankers for administration of party political donations and allowing massive bank over-lending and consumer debt levels to escalate.....

  • Comment number 20.

    it started in the philosophy of greed is good as put forward by the chicago school. Greenspan admitted on TV there was a 'flaw' in his 'model of humanity'.

    maybe because it was not a model of humanity?

    some still reckon it was divine punishment on the west

    so what is the correct model of humanity?

  • Comment number 21.

    A PROPOSED MODEL OF HUMANITY (#20)

    We are an aberrant species of animal - probably the consequence of extreme survival strategy applied during cataclysm. Having moved into an anomalous period of planetary quiescence, we just don't 'fit in'. Too clever by half, we are too wise by zero. Douglas Adams had us summed up - see the Hitchhikers Guide - you won't find a more accurate characterisation.

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